DOPAMINERGIC MODULATION OF EFFORT-RELATED CHOICE BEHAVIOR AS ASSESSED BY A PROGRESSIVE RATIO CHOW FEEDING CHOICE TASK: PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES AND THE ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES.

Mesolimbic dopamine (DA) is involved in behavioral activation and effort-related processes.Rats with impaired DA transmission reallocate their instrumental behavior away from food-reinforced tasks with high response requirements, and instead select less effortful food-seeking behaviors.In the present study, the effects of several drug treatments we

Objective: Our goal was to identify specific types of services desired by caregivers and determine subgroups most interested in each service type.Methods: Caregiving questions were added to a state-wide poll conducted in a majority-rural state.Those who identified as caregivers (n = 428) were asked to report on the helpfulness of 6 domains of servi

In this article, a stichometric and poetic analysis of Psalm 52 is offered which forms the basis for a description of the character of the rich but crooked antagonist and the pious protagonist in the psalm.The profile of the pious in the psalm emerges largely Pants as the inverse of the inclination and actions of the arrogant, rich antagonist who i

Loop closure detection is an important component of the Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) algorithm, which is utilized in environmental sensing.It helps to reduce drift errors during long-term operation, improving the accuracy Overlay Membrane and robustness of localization.Such improvements are sorely needed, as conventional visual-base